Essay about Medical Advancements During World War Two

Medical Advancements in World War Two. World War Two, a harsh period of time in the 1930s-1940s, filled with controversial arguments, political battles, fights to the death, but most importantly, medical advancements. Did you know that without the research and discoveries made during World War Two, our medical programs would probably be lacking the information we have today? It’s very true, and in my opinion, the war strengthened our medical abilities, and it really put our world to the test. New medicine had been discovered, while old medicine had been improved; horrible medical experiments performed by the Nazis occurred during this time; but most importantly, World War Two has affected our medical programs that we have presently. These†¦show more content†¦It had the same curing properties as â€Å"M+B† (it cured infectious diseases), the only difference being that it also treated wounded soldiers. It greatly increased the survival rate of wounds and infectious diseases, and in my opinion, withou t Penicillin the death rate would have probably doubled or tripled! Like â€Å"M+B† the demand for Penicillin boomed during World War Two, and the mass production of the drug increased greatly. While these two drugs have had such a great impact on our world, there are many other drugs that were very important during World War Two. Sulfanilamide, for example, was carried by soldiers all the time. It was a white powder, sprinkled on wounds to prevent infection, and it still exists today! The mortality rate of wounds without Sulfanilamide was 75 per 100 people, however, with Sulfanilamide, the death rate plummeted to 11 per 100 people! Morphine was also greatly used during the war because of its strong painkilling properties. However, it was extremely addictive, it was even more addictive than Nicotine (one of the most addictive substances known to man)! It was originally made from poppy plants indigenous to Turkey and India, and it was administered through a syrette. A syrette is a small auto-injector with a tube attached similar to a tube of toothpaste, but much smaller. Morphine caused many people to faint if they were fatigued or severely wounded, proving the extreme stre ngth of the drug. InShow MoreRelatedMedical advancements in World War Two1704 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II brought death and destruction upon the world. On the other hand, it also opened doors for pioneering developments that commonly occur during such situations of high adversity. Some of the most important advancements took place in the field of medicine when the world was embroiled in World War II. As Dr. Ralph Major states, An army is a vast laboratory of medical research where disease and injuries are seen on a far larger scale than in peacetime. Many improvements in the treatment ofRead MoreEssay On The Golden Age Of The Middle Ages1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medieval times were encompassed by years of both prosperity and conflict. During the first years of the Middle Ages, 8th century to 13th century, the Islamic Empire was at its peak, this time period was known as the Islamic Golden age. The Islamic empire didn’t have to worry about war or conflict, so it shifted its focus tow ards innovation, it flourished in various fields that included science, mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and medicine. This empire was home to one of the most influentialRead MoreThe World War I Warfare Techniques1090 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluential factors that made this era very significant. During this decade, World War I was being fought and because of it, America made great strides in science and technology. Technological advancements in science completely changed the manner of how war was fought by creating weapons and techniques such as trench warfare submarines and biological warfare. One major aspect of the technological advancements in the 1910s was World War I warfare techniques. Trenches, machine guns, air reconnaissanceRead MoreAdvancements in Med-Care since the Civil War Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Civil War often gets credit for ending slavery and reshaping the federal government in this country. But the war between the states has another, often overlooked legacy: It may have started a new era in modern medicine† (â€Å"Civil War Medicine Quotes†). Contamination of medical equipment, poor sanitation methods, and lack of efficient medical procedures all led to the spread of disease, which resulted in death. However, modern medicine has significantly improved from the Civil War, due to itsRead MoreWomen During The First Half Of The Twentieth Century951 Words   |  4 Pagesand whites generally of inferior quality. These laws place a widespread of restrictions on African-American women in medicine; limiting their access for advancem ent in education, the job market, as well as, medical-services. Although historians have examined the social and economic impact of two world wars and their roles of women in medicine during the first half of the twentieth century, they have often left out the challenges and inequalities of African-American women and their experiences withRead MoreMedicinal Practices from the American Revolution to the War of 18121308 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution to the War of 1812 For centuries, war has consumed millions of souls. It has caused heartache and has torn families apart. Today, properly educated doctors and nurses can treat wounds and injuries with proper care, but this taken for granted assistance wasn’t always readily available. In the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, nearly 30,000 American soldiers died. However, rather than being killed on the battlefield, the majority of soldiers died while being treated in medical tents. MoreRead MoreThe Air Phase Of World War I910 Words   |  4 PagesEverything has a beginning, and these are the firsts of World War One, known as the â€Å"Great war† sadly many lives would later be lost, because of mankind s desire to dominate each other. â€Å"World War One, was the first war to see air combat..† (â€Å"Farmer, Brian†). Airplanes were known to be a technological advancement in the first World War. â€Å"The air phase of World War 1 can best be understood by considering the basic elements of aerial combat: men, machines, and tactics. (â€Å"Farmer, Brian†). As new weaponsRead MoreThe War Of The Iraq War958 Words   |  4 PagesOn September 11, 2001, two planes crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City, New York. This was the very first contact that the United States of America had with the terrorism that went on in Iraq. March 20, 2003 marked the day that President George W. Bush announced the start of the war against Iraq (1). This was the beginning of a very costly war on both America and Iraq. The cost of the Iraq War was not just the amount of money spent, but the impact of war on the soldiers and theRead MoreThe Discovery of Penicillin1750 Words   |  7 Pagesunheard of. It is hard for our civilization to appreciate the medical advancements we have today due to the invention of penicillin, the medical miracle. Penicillin was considered the miracle cure when it was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and it saved several lives including our soldiers but have we abused this medical miracle? However, it is imperative for our civilization to understand how penicillin was invented, the war it saved, and the resistance that it has sir come. AlexanderRead MoreImpact Of Social Media On Society1443 Words   |  6 Pagesand culture, it has shaped how the world into what we see today. Major advancements in military technology, healthcare, communication and production have led the way to unprecedented growth not only in the United States, but in emerging countries as well. However, with advancements, comes drawbacks; and some are massive. From social media, medicine, to communications, even to the atomic bomb; the advantages are noticeable, but so are the consequences. In the world of ever-changing technology, can human

The Law of Obligations and Evidence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1591 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Topics: Contract Law Essay Did you like this example? 1. Brief introduction to the scenario 1.1 Significant facts found between Barnard Building (BB) and Happy Construction (HC) HC negotiated with BB and was successful in winning the contract. BB sent the offer letter to HC with detailed term and conditions via post. HC sent a counter offer via post. No communication is made from BB afterwards. HC signed a contract with Edward Building Specialists (EBS), and sent a letter to BB to withdraw their acceptance. BB threatened to take legal action against HC. 1.2 Significant facts found Between EBS and HC HC signed the contract with EBS.to build steel structure for a high rise building. HC emailed a scanned version of the signed contract documents to EBS. Also HC sent the original signed documents to EBS via courier. Contract Clauses 5 and 10 are related to employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ health and safety and milestones of the project in order as given in the scenario.[1] HC circulated EBSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health and safety procedures among all employees. All the employees did not read but signed a document confirming they have understood the policies. Wearing safety harness and being clipped on the safety rail is one of those procedures while working at height. One of HCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employees fell down from the height and became paraplegic, as it was second fall and most serious. As the result EBS decided to terminate HC. 1.3 Significant facts found Between Susan and HC Susan is HCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employee working as a steel welder. Health and safety procedures were circulated to her as well. Always she unclipped her from the safety rail while moving one section to the next, as being clipped while moving was impractical. She did not inform to anyone about that or did not listen her colleagueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advice. She fell down while unclipped and became paraplegic. 2. Advice to HC by considering events occurred between BB and HC A negotiation is a formal discussion between people who are trying to reach an agreement.[2] While two parties are engaged on negotiation there will be a lot of bargain on the offer until the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“meeting of mindsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is reached. Parties can halt the negotiation at any levels, either initial or matured stage, if the meeting of minds is not reached. Sometimes this will cause disputes, because one party may think that other party has agreed a contract with them while other party will be thinking that they are still negotiating on the offer.[3] In the given scenario, there is no such misunderstanding from BB, because the scenario says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“HC was successful in winning the contract and BB prepared the offer letter with detailed terms and conditions of the proposed contract.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] A contract is a legally binding or valid agreement between two parties.[5] Generally a contract can be agreed either orally or in writing. A legally binding agre ement includes, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Law of Obligations and Evidence" essay for you Create order The intention to create legal relations As construction agreements are falling under commercial agreements, we can presume BB and HC had intention to create legal relations.[6] Legal capacity BB and HC as construction companies will be registered under Companies Act 1996, therefore we can presume they have legal capacity. Offer In simple terms this is a willingness to do or give something to somebody. It is seen as a main body of a contract. Price, unit, quantity and the like form parts of an offer. Also Offer can be in verbal. Acceptance An acceptance is an unqualified assent to all the terms of the offer.[7] It can also be in verbal form Consideration (in English Law) Consideration is the benefit that each party gets or expects to get from the contractual deal[8] Here BB will pay wages to HC to the steel framework built on behalf of it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the doctrine of consideration requires the existence of a bargain but it does not demand that the bargain be a good one.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] Therefore we can conclude in our case that the contract formed orally. It is not must to a construction contract to be in writing, but it is preferred to avoid the unnecessary disputes in future. But the consequent events are not supporting us to come to that conclusion, because, afterwards BB sent the offer letter to HC with all the terms and conditions. The basic formula of a contract is that there must be an offer, followed by an acceptance meeting the offer.[10] Also, we are not sure that the written offer sent by BB comprised all the scope, terms, and conditions as they discussed at the time of negotiation. Generally to form the contra ct the offeree needs to accept the offer from the offeror as is. Otherwise it will be treated as rejection of the initial offer. In our case, upon the receipt of the offer from BB, HC made minor changes on payment terms and completion date. It means HC did not reject the offer but made minor changes on the original offer. This is called as qualified acceptance or counter offer in law. If offeree is sending a counter offer it means the initial offer has gone null and void. In other words initial offer has been killed by counter offer, no longer capable of acceptance. Even HC accept again the initial offer also, BB does not required to bind on it.[11] But If BB agreed to the changes made by HC then there will be a new contract formed. Another important point here is that HC sent its qualified acceptance via post. According to the postal rule, an acceptance becomes effective from the time of posting. But as this is a counter offer contract will not become valid until the initial offero r accept the offer. Here in our case, BB was silent on the counter offer by HC. Expect the rare situations, silence will not be considered as acceptance of the offer. Even though, Whilst HC signed a contract with EBS, concurrently it sent a letter to withdraw their acceptance to BB. It can be seen only as revocation of counter offer. An offer can be withdrawn before the acceptance by effectively communicating with the offeree.[12] In England Wales jurisdictions if the offeror did not define the period of time open for the acceptance along with its own consideration the offer can be withdrawn at any time.[13] It can be applicable to counter offer as well. So in our case HC revoked its counter offer according to right procedures. But BB threatened to take legal action against HC. In case, if BB goes for a legal action, it needs to prove that it is suffering to a material extent as it took some steps based on the promises of HC at the time of negotiation with prior knowledge of HC. But this concept is widely applicable only in Scotland. English courts may see this case in such view if applicable. Generally English courts do not accept prior negotiations as evidence because the bargains between the parties during the negotiation stages towards finalising the contract may change suddenly until the contract is agreed.[14]Also BB cannot argue that HC signed a contract with EBS before revocation of their qualified acceptance, because HC as a construction company has right to involve in one or more contract according to its operational capacity. 3. Advice to HC by considering events occurred between BB and HC 4. Bibliography 4.1 BOOKS Richard Stone, The Modern Law of Contract, 10th ed, Routledge, Oxon,2013 Fafinski, S Finch E, Law Express: Contract Law (Revision Guide), Pearson Education: 2012 McKendrick, Contract Law, Text materials 2003 4.2 ELECTRONIC SOURCES The law hand book, your practical guide to the law in Victoriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch12s01s01.php accessed 10 January 2015. Magazine insite law, Daily online law news and law blogsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.insitelawmagazine.com/ch4acceptance.htm accessed 10 January 2015. Nolo, Law for all, Consideration: Every Contract Needs Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/consideration-every-contract-needs-33361.html accessed 10 January 2015. Sarah Cole, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Mersey Docks Harbour Board v. Coggings Griffithsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.safetyphoto.co.uk/subsite/case m n o p/Mersey Docks v. Coggins Griffiths.htm accessed 31 December 2013. 4.3 CASES Edwards v Skyways Ltd. [1964] 1 WLR 349 Harvey v Facey [1893] UKPC 1, [1893] AC 552 Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov) Byrne Co v Leon Van Tien Hoven Co [1880] 5 CPD 344 Routledge v Grant (1828) 4 Bing 653. Prenn v Simmonds [1971] 1 WLR 1381 4.4 STATUTORY PROVISIONS Companies Act 1996 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989, s.1 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977(UTCA) S2 S14 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992/2966 Health and Safety act 1974 Occupiers Liability Act [1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Clause 5. Happy Construction must ensure that all of their employees are informed and abide by EBS health and safety policies at all times whilst on site. Any breach of this clause will result in Happy Construction assuming all liability for any tortious acts resulting from the breach.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Clause 10. Happy Construction undertake to meet all milestones. Failure to do so where there is no reasonable reason for the delay, will result in the EBS having the right to terminate the contract immediately.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [2] Oxford advanced learnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dictionary 8th edition [3] Harvey v Facey [1893] UKPC 1, [1893] AC 552 [4] This is statement will be contrasted further below [5] https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch12s01s01.php [6] Edwards v Skyways Ltd. [1964] 1 WLR 349. [7] https://www.insitelawmagazine.com/ch4acceptance.htm [8] https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/consideration-every-contract- needs-33361.html [9] McKendrick, Contract Law, Text materials 2003 [10] BSM 743 Lectures Notes Topic 4: Introduction to Contractual Obligations Formalities [11] Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov) [12] Byrne Co v Leon Van Tien Hoven Co [1880] 5 CPD 344 [13] Routledge v Grant (1828) 4 Bing 653. [14] Prenn v Simmonds [1971] 1 WLR 1381

The Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion - 1036 Words

Benchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas One of the most controversial dilemmas occurring today is the topic of abortion. Some believe that a pregnant woman has the choice to end the life of their unborn child if the mother decides that this is what she wants, especially because the child has not been born and walked this earth yet. Others feel that if the woman chooses to have an abortion, the woman would be considered a murderer because she is ending the life of another human. There is also the gray area where abortion might or might not be acceptable or necessary. Furthermore, the question at hand is whether or not Susan should go through with her pregnancy, even though her child will have Down syndrome. There are opposing points of views†¦show more content†¦Jesus suffered and died for our sins, and if we do not allow suffering into our lives, we will never become â€Å"develop patience, hope, faith, love, and even courage† (Sharpe 2016). These are the same characteristics that God has. These Christian w orldview commitments can influence Susan’s decision because on the one hand, she can keep the baby because she will be rewarded for any suffering and pain her and the baby endure, or she can abort the baby and ask God for forgiveness. Resolution The Christian worldview’s proposal would be to not go through with the abortion. Even though Richard suggests that she abort her child, his reasoning is not Christian-like. He believes that children should only bring happiness and decrease suffering in the world. However, every parent knows that their child will present difficulties, whether the child has a medical condition or not. Also, children with Down syndrome can still bring Susan and surrounding people joy (Robison 2000). The medical condition does not have to be a burden. Susan should welcome her child with open arms and do everything that she can to make her and her child happy because it is possible to be happy with her child no matter what. God will reward her and her child for getting through all their hardships too. Evaluation An unintended consequence of Susan keeping her child isShow MoreRelatedAbortion Ethical Dilemma1643 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion Ethical Dilemma An 18 year old girl gets pregnant and can’t decide whether to keep the baby or have an abortion. Her parents are very religious and do not believe in sex before marriage therefore would not take to kindly to their daughter being pregnant. She does not want to kill her unborn child but feels like there is no other option besides having an abortion. There are many reasons that one would decide upon getting an abortion and againstRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1163 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many ethical dilemmas in the world today such as euthanasia, performance enhancing drugs, pornography, abortion and more. Someone’s worldview is often a big contributor in the decisions they make in regards to the dilemma. Abortion is one of today’s most contested ethical dilemmas (Beattie, 2011). Susan is a mother that is debating whether she should have an abortion or not. Her ethical dilemma case will be analyzed and compared from a Christian worldview perspective and other worldly perspectivesRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma On Abortion1703 Words   |  7 PagesMuldrow CWV-101 6/22/15 Professor James Waddell Ethical Dilemma on Abortion There are many common pregnancy alternatives, but most often the resulting decision is abortion because it is effortless. Abortion is endings a women’s pregnancy by removing or forcing a fetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before it is able to survive on its own. Not all abortions are purposely done some are spontaneous like when a women that has a miscarriage. Rather abortion is done purposely or naturally it is a worldwideRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1312 Words   |  6 PagesInduced abortion is the deliberate ending of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable or capable of surviving outside a female’s body. Abortion has been practiced in every culture since the beginning of civilization† (Kaplan, Tischauser Chara, 2015). Abortion is one of many controversial issues. It is a topic that is widely debated among many people. Abortion is a difficult topic of discussion, when the baby is a product or rape, or has Down syndrome or deformities. A ccording to my Christian worldviewRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas Of Abortion930 Words   |  4 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas Abortion is one of the most controversial topics in the world today. There are many reasons and debates as to when, why or if a woman should have an abortion. One of the most controversial debates on this is when a woman finds out that their unborn child may have a deformity of some sort. In this paper, I will talk about abortion due to a woman carrying a child with Downs Syndrome and how this can be an immoral decision. Ethical Dilemma A woman named Susan hadRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1102 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermines what is ethical and what is not? Can someone determine what is right simply relying on what they feel? Or does something drive them to know what is wrong or right? In the case of abortion, one would may ask: Is the fetus a person? At what stage in its development does, it becomes a person? Does any women have the right to decide if she is going to carry the baby to term or not? (Boyle, 2004) This paper will identify the ethical dilemma of abortion, core beliefs of abortion, and possible resolutionsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1319 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is a divisive problem in our time, and it is one that is difficult to solve as each side comes from very different initial premises. As Judith Jarvis Thomson points out, anti-abortionists rely on the premise that foetus’ are persons, and therefore are morally equivalent to human beings.1 Conversely, pro-choice advocates typically come from the premise that, as Mary Anne Warren suggests â€Å"foetuses are neither persons nor members of the moral community.† The key ethical schism, is around theRead MoreAbortion: An ethical dilemma.1944 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion, the intentional termination of a pregnancy through surgical or medical devices, was legalized in 1973. This issue of abortion has caused a great segregation in our country. Often the debate is thought to be conservative versus liberal, republican versus democrat, but more accurately it is pro-life versus pro choice. A pro-life stance opposes the belief that a woman should have the freedom to choose an abortion in the case that for any reason she does not want to have a baby. Pro-choiceRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma About Abortion Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pageswill be faced with some sort of dilemma that tests their morals and values. They will encounter a situation that forces them to weigh the good and bad against bel iefs they have held their entire life and make a decision that could affect their life forever. Those core beliefs are what influences the person’s decisions, their sense of right and wrong as well as their perceptions about every situation they face. This paper will evaluate an ethical dilemma about abortion in relation to the Christian worldviewRead More Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion In our society, there are many ethical dilemmas that we are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that we are faced with is abortion. There are many strong arguments both for and against the right to have an abortion which are so complicated that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the different aspects of the argument. The essence of a person, rights, and who

The Inevitability of Allied Victory in Europe During World War Two free essay sample

However Allied victory eventually did become inevitable after certain turning points in the war, this essay will demonstrate how the two most important turning points, the Battle for Stalingrad and the entry of the USA into the war changed a possible German victory into an inevitable Allied victory. In essence this essay will show that the idea of total war and industrial gigantism do not guarantee victory in conflict. One must also ask themselves why Germany would have such a drive for war if Allied victory was conceived to be inevitable. After all what soldier would fight the unwinnable battle? Richard Overy states in Why the Allies Won that ‘no rational man in early 1942 would have guessed at the eventual outcome of the war’ . To appreciate the credibility of this statement and the probability of German victory, the early years of the war must be looked at retrospectively, and Germany’s position tactically, economically and socially must be analysed. Even though Germany was out-matched in production and numbers there is no reason to believe that the early years of the war pointed to inevitable Allied victory.WW2 in Europe was precipitated by many contributing factors. Widely accepted though is the idea that most Germans were resentful of the humiliating defeat in WW1 which in following, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles. Economic disaster ensued due to the large reparations the victors demanded. Thus it is not surprising that upon the Nazi Parties rise the German people immediately aggrandised Hitler, a wounded Linz Regiment corporal from the First World War who promised a mannish dream of another German Empire. Re-armament of Germany was soon to follow, in spite of the treaty’s prohibition of this, and a highly trained, equipped and motivated military war machine was built. Stats At this point Germany had 195 divisions 28 of which were elite armoured or panzer divisions, key elements in the army’s ability to fight a Blitzkrieg war. Hitler then moved to annex Austria and Czechoslovakia which he succeeded in doing while avoiding any conflict. Germany’s next move was to take Poland after signing a non-aggression treaty with Russia.Poland’s antiquated army fell in one month. The early years of the war saw the German war machine make crushing blows in Europe. Hitler’s blitzkrieg was ruthless and stunning to his enemies who found themselves caught in its path or more often cut off by its encircling tactics. After the fall of Poland the German Army turned south and fought a Blitzkrieg war through the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg and France. At this point Germany was undoubtedly tactically superior to every other nation on Earth. ‘The German Army had fought an amazing campaign.It had shown itself almost incomparable in defence as well as in offence’ It was positioned to take Britain and the Soviet Union. Hitler had assessed the French and British as weak. Although this assessment certainly was not representative of the courage and fortitude of the nations and even their military size it was however an accurate depiction of their readiness and tactical ability. France was ready having placed its army at the Maginot line to fight a war of attrition, however Germany on the other hand was not ready to fight a war of attrition and indeed would not. Using blitzkrieg and paratroopers the German Army encircled the Maginot Line, defeating the defenders and pushing the British Expeditionary Force out to sea at Dunkirk. Early in the war Germany’s economic might was very large but still not comparable to the allies. However this does not necessarily mean that defeat was an inevitable outcome. Hitler’s predictions of the German economic standing globally before the war would likely have given him a false illusion of Germans economic might.The statistics gathered caused him not to assess the USA or Russia as the potential superpowers or industrial giants they were to become, and rightly so. In 1936 America’s army was 110,000 men strong, its military spending was 1% of its annual budget and it had no independent air force and an unarmed navy The prediction was made that either country would not be able to mobilise an effective industry compared to Germany’s inside a four year time limit So is it reasonable to say that even economically Germany was facing a potential victory even though so many say this war was won by economics and economics alone?Not only did Germany have an impressive production capability already but it was sitting very close to potentially enormous deposits of resources, most notably the oil in The caucuses south of Rostov and Stalingrad. In 1941 German production of crude oil was 33. 4 million tons compared to Russia’s 110 million tons. Now at this stage in the war the USA was still not involved so German commitments even though on two fronts were only faced with a large pressure from Russia on the Eastern front.Certainly if Germany had taken the caucuses and their invaluable oil Russia would have been crippled and defeated? But also Germany would be standing in a much better economic position. Having developed an idea of Germany’s capability economically and tactically and proven that Allied victory at that stage was not inevitable it is now time to look at the turning points and why the German position became impossible. The summer of 1941 saw the war move east as the German army opened up an attack on the Soviet Union. Code named ‘Operation Barbarossa’ the attack achieved complete surprise.Stalin actually had to be convinced that the German army was attacking as he held faith in the non-aggression pact between the two countries. The war moved with incredible speed and with huge pincer movements that captured, killed and wounded whole Russian army groups. After making deep penetrations into Russia Hitler inexplicably ordered a halt on the advance before reaching Moscow and the momentum of the attack was lost. It was not until winter had passed and the warmer weather arrived in April 1942 that Hitler moved to take the initiative again.At this time Russian reconnaissance noticed â€Å"Germans were concentrating their forces on the southern part of the Central Front’. Hitler’s plan was to move south with the 6th Army and the 4th Panzer Army and take first Rostov and then Stalingrad which would have effectively cut off the caucuses and Russian oil – some 110 million tons of it . This manoeuvre in itself could have ended the war for the Russians. Without the caucuses and its oil it would have been impossible to mobilise the reserve divisions that hadn’t been decimated in 1941 during B arbarossa. Ultimately soviet defeat would have allowed Hitler to return his full attention to Britain and invading her. Some may argue that German defeat was always inevitable because of the eventual involvement of the USA. However the involvement of the USA would never have occurred if Britain fell. â€Å"Had the British opted for a negotiated peace or succumbed to invasion the USA would have retreated behind the walls of a ‘fortress’ America’ This was an entirely possible scenario if Stalingrad and the caucuses had been taken .This operation in essence would be a defining point of the war, but was the loss at Stalingrad inevitable and thus leading to inevitable Allied victory? Firstly the circumstances must be looked at. Hitler’s plan was to drive the 4th Panzer division directly south to Rostov, however he overestimated Rostov’s ability to hold and stripped the 6th Army of its armour and fuel as support for the 4th. Rostov was poorly defended and captured r elative ease. At the same time though Hitler ordered the 6th Army to march on to Stalingrad.This became a fatal decision. The 6th army was weakened and had been marching for 6 weeks. A sensible strategist would have halted the 6th and allowed its armour and elements of the 4th Panzer Army to link up. Strangely this seemingly simple idea that would have resulted in a much more decisive and strengthened force arriving at Stalingrad was not implemented and the 6th army was forced to fight in extremely unfavourable circumstances. Hence Germany unable to deliver the knockout blow to take Russia out of the war.They had involved their most experienced troops in a conflict which resulted in huge casualties and losses, meaning any attack on the western front would further stretch the German armed forces. And all the while they had failed to destroy the Soviet economy, which by the end of ‘41 had put itself on a war footing, one which Germany was never able to achieve. Following Stalingrad the German Army suffered massive defeats on the entire Eastern Front until finally they could fight no longer.Thus the turning point in the war was reached and the fate of the war seems to have been decided by Hitler’s compulsion and hasty decisions rather than the ability of the German army to fight. Because of Hitler’s loss at Stalingrad and his failure to capture the all important caucus oil as well as the destruction of the finest parts of his army an invasion in the West was now not only possible but imminent. The invasion came in in the form of the US army at Normandy.The Western front became a devastating arena for the Germans but was only so devastating due to the effects of the German losses on the Eastern front. Even though Hitler ordered his reserves to concentrate on defending the Western front, it was still now an inevitable outcome that the allies would be victorious. Even the Battle of the Bulge had little hope of long term success as the allies were transporting more supplies on to mainland Europe every day, at a rate Germany could not hope to match. By 1945 the Russian army had made it to Berlin and the war was over.In conclusion Allied victory in Europe only became inevitable after the turning points of Stalingrad and the US invasion. Hitler made a fatal and unforgivable mistake by not ensuring the Soviet Union was completely destroyed in Operation Barbarossa. If the invasion had been successful, an Allied invasion of Western Europe would have been close to impossible. Overall Allied victory was not inevitable but sat on a precarious balance that fortunately tipped in the favour of good rather than that of evil. 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